Most of the top officers who were tried were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, including Jorge Rafael Videla, Emilio Eduardo Massera, Roberto Eduardo Viola, Armando Lambruschini, Raúl Agosti, Rubén Graffigna, Leopoldo Galtieri, Jorge Anaya and Basilio Lami Dozo. Based on 1976 CIA documents stated that from 1960 to the early 1970s, the plans were developed among international security officials at the US Army School of the Americas and the Conference of American Armies to deal with political dissidents in South America. A French priest there said to Marie-Monique Robin: "to save the soul of a Communist priest, one must kill him." Videla was jailed for life in 2010 for murder, torture and kidnapping during the Dirty War. It started about a year before the "terror archives" were found in Paraguay. The Movement for Justice and Human Rights and the President João Goulart Institute have requested a document referring to the Uruguayan Interior Ministry saying that "serious and responsible Brazilian sources" talked about an "alleged plot against the former Brazilian president. Be the first one to write a review. He was excommunicated in 1988. While Seelig stood trial in Brazil, Universindo and Lílian remained in prison in Uruguay and prevented from testifying. Regarding the ongoing human rights abuses by the Argentine junta, professor Ruth Blakeley writes that Kissinger "explicitly expressed his support for the repression of political opponents. Iturriaga was also wanted in Argentina for the assassination of General Prats.[156]. The Condor Operation expanded its clandestine repression from Uruguay to Brazil in November 1978, in an event later known as "o Sequestro dos Uruguaios," or "the Kidnapping of the Uruguayans." The CIA report noted that the fundamental mission of Condor was the liquidation of "top-level terrorist leaders" as well as non-terrorist targets including "Uruguayan opposition politician Wilson Ferreira, if he should travel to Europe, and some leaders of Amnesty International." One of Condor's "initial aims" was the "exchange of information on the Revolutionary Coordinating Junta (RCJ), an organization...of terrorist groups from Bolivia, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina, and Paraguay" whose "representatives" in Europe were "believed to have been involved in the assassinations in Paris of the Bolivian ambassador to France last May and an Uruguayan military attache in 1974." « Série B. Amérique 1952–1963. The Chilean DINA has been held responsible. Bernardo Leighton and his wife were severely injured by a failed assassination attempt on Oct. 6, 1975, after settling in exile in Italy. This signals that the US also was aware of the planning of human rights violations before they occurred and did not step in to prevent them, despite being entangled in the region's politics already. Extraction - Operation Condor ein Film von Steven C. Miller mit Bruce Willis, Kellan Lutz, Steve Coulter. Their goal was to destroy the "subversive" threat represented by the presence of thousands of political exiles in Argentina. Finde 20 Ähnliche Filme zum Film Extraction - Operation Condor von Steven C. Miller mit Bruce Willis, Kellan Lutz, wie . "[19] US officials were aware of what was going on. He quotes a cable sent from Buenos Aires by FBI agent Robert Scherrer on 22 September 1976, in which he mentioned that Michael Townley, later convicted for the assassination of former Chilean minister Orlando Letelier in Washington, D.C., had taken part in the interrogations of the two Cubans. [59], The illegal operation failed because two Brazilian journalists, reporter Luiz Cláudio Cunha and photographer João Baptista Scalco from Veja magazine, had been warned by an anonymous phone call that the Uruguayan couple had been "disappeared." The objective of the propaganda had two purposes. CUNHA, Luiz Cláudio. (10) BOCCIA PAZ, Alfredo et al., op. The report also noted that a large volume of U.S. currency was seized during the combined operation. The Condor Operation expanded its clandestine repression from Uruguay to Brazil in November 1978, in an event later known as "o Sequestro dos Uruguaios," or "the Kidnapping of the Uruguayans. "[28] The methods employed during the 1957 Battle of Algiers were systematized and exported to the War School in Buenos Aires. Operation Condor, also known as Operation D (D for desperado), was the name of the French intelligence agency SDECE's special service GCMA secret operation against the Viet Minh supply column. This reality, combined with a fear of leftist dissent in neighboring nations, led the government to focus on the containment of political opposition instead of on the development of its economic and political institutions. The 19-year-old daughter-in-law of poet Juan Gelman was tortured here along with her husband, before being transported to a Montevideo prison. ", Kornbluh and Dinges conclude that "The paper trail is clear: the State Department and the CIA had enough intelligence to take concrete steps to thwart the Condor assassination planning. [146], Reporter Marie-Monique Robin said to L'Humanité newspaper: "The French have systematized a military technique in the urban environment which would be copied and passed to Latin American dictatorships. After being overthrown, João "Jango" Goulart was the first Brazilian president to die in exile. He believed that there was justification to some of their fears, yet he felt that by reacting too strongly these countries could engender a strong terrorist counter reaction similar to the PLO in Israel. [137], In August 2001, Argentine Judge Rodolfo Canicoba sent a letter rogatory to the US State Department, in accordance with the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT), requesting a deposition by Kissinger to aid the judge's investigation of Operation Condor. "But we didn't. CUNHA, Luiz Cláudio, Operação Condor. This being true, the ambassador explains the military coup will "intend to carry forward an all-out war on the terrorists and that some executions would therefore probably be necessary." Reviews There are no reviews yet. [87] According to National Security Archive analyst Peter Kornbluh, Pinochet's reaction to the attack and death of Rojas "contributed to Reagan’s decision to withdraw support for the regime and press for a return to civilian rule."[85]. These governments to shared information and violently repressed suspected left-wing subversives. Få ledig titta på film på nätet med enkelt fylla i registreringsformuläret. cit., pp. He asked for investigations to be opened into their deaths. Chilean Enrique Arancibia Clavel was convicted and sentenced in Argentina for the assassination of Carlos Prats and of his wife; in a 2011 court verdict, life terms were handed down to Alfredo Astiz, Jorge Acosta, Antonio Pernias and Ricardo Cavallo;[152] In 2016 Reynaldo Bignone, Santiago Riveros, Manuel Cordero and 14 others were convicted.[153][154]. [61], When their identities were made clear, the journalists had exposed the secret operation by their presence. Prosecutors are basing their case in part on U.S. documents declassified in the 1990s and later, and obtained by the non-governmental organization, the National Security Archive, based at George Washington University in Washington, DC. On April 22 1954, General Cogny insisted with his superior General Navarre to take a decision about Condor. : Mulan , S.O.S. [119], In a February 1976 telecom from the embassy in Buenos Aires to the State Department, intelligence noted the United States possessed awareness of the coming Argentinian coup. Operation Condor was a secret intelligence and operations system created in the 1970s through which the South American military regimes coordinated intelligence information and seized, tortured, and executed political oppo-nents in combined cross-border operations. A declassified CIA document dated 23 June 1976, explains that "in early 1974, security officials from Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia met in Buenos Aires to prepare coordinated actions against subversive targets."[19]. It continued until François Mitterrand was elected President of France in 1981. One of the lawyers seeking his extradition said there had been an attempt to assassinate Carlos Altamirano, leader of the Chilean Socialist Party. To check on the information, the two journalists went to the given address: an apartment in Porto Alegre. At the end of the 1950s, the Cité catholique established groups in Argentina and set up cells in the Army. [45] The period ended in a tenfold devaluation and one of the worst financial crises in Argentine history. Unclassified Department of State (July 1976): n. pag. The judge's questions were relayed to Kissinger via diplomatic routes but were not answered. He used Argentinian, Uruguayan, Paraguayan and Brazilian passports, raising concerns that Operation Condor was not dead. AlloCiné Ex. "The military-controlled governments of the Southern Cone," the document read, "all consider themselves targets of international Marxism." This revelation reinforces the theory that the former president was poisoned. [39][40], According to these archives, other countries, such as Peru, cooperated by providing intelligence information in response to requests from the security services of the Southern Cone nations. "[124] McSherry adds, "According to [U.S. Operation Condor (Spanish: Operación Cóndor, also known as Plan Cóndor; Portuguese: Operação Condor) was a United States-backed campaign of political repression and state terror involving intelligence operations and assassination of opponents, officially and formally implemented in November 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South America. The assassinations of former Bolivian president Juan José Torres and former Uruguayan deputies Héctor Gutiérrez and Zelmar Michelini in Buenos Aires in 1976 were also part of Condor. Those steps were initiated but never implemented." Ultimately, the demarche was never delivered. [117] The State Department briefing for Kissinger mentioned awareness of Operation Condor's plans to conduct possible operations in France and Portugal - a matter that would be prove to be extremely controversial later in Condor's history.[117]. According to Jean-Guy Allard, after consultations with the terrorist organization CORU's leadership, including Luis Posada Carriles and Orlando Bosch, those elected to carry out the murder were Cuban-Americans José Dionisio Suárez, Virgilio Paz Romero, Alvin Ross Díaz, and brothers Guillermo and Ignacio Novo Sampoll. [53], On 27 May 2016, fifteen ex-military officials were found guilty. [60] When they arrived, the journalists were at first taken to be other political opposition members by the armed men who had arrested Celiberti, and they were arrested in turn. He instructed them to express "our deep concern" about "rumors" of "plans for the assassination of subversives, politicians and prominent figures both within the national borders of certain Southern Cone countries and abroad. They dismembered the Communist party secretary, Miguel Ángel Soler [es], alive with a chainsaw while Stroessner listened on the phone. [36] Southern Cone Operation Condor resulted in up to 50,000 killed; 30,000 "disappeared"; and 400,000 arrested and imprisoned. [135], On 3 August 2007, General Raúl Iturriaga, former head of DINA, was captured in the Chilean town of Viña del Mar on the Pacific coast. ", "Kissinger hindered US effort to end mass killings in Argentina, according to files", "5 August 1976 briefing of Henry Kissinger by Harry Shlaudeman, State", "Operation Condor: Cable Suggests U.S. Role", Latin America in the 1970s: "Operation Condor, an International Organization for Kidnapping Opponents", "Henry Kissinger rattrapé au Ritz, à Paris, par les fantômes du plan Condor", "Kissinger may face extradition to Chile", Piden, "Aptura y extradicion de kissinger por operacion condor, Argentine – "Escadrons de la mort : l'école française", "MM. Ustashe émigrés and descendants), Italian neofascists and the Shah's SAVAK to locate and assassinate dissidents in exile. Based on the governments' perception of threats, officially the targets were armed groups (such as the MIR, the Montoneros or the ERP, the Tupamaros, etc. [92], Interviewed in the early 21st century by Dinges, Koch said that George H. W. Bush, then CIA director, informed him in October 1976 that "his sponsorship of legislation to cut off U.S. military assistance to Uruguay on human rights grounds had provoked secret police officials to 'put a contract out for you'. [80] In 1999, the secretary of the National Security Council (NSC), Glyn T. Davies, declared that the declassified documents established the responsibility of Pinochet government in carrying out the assassination of Bernardo Leighton, as well as Orlando Letelier and General Carlos Prats. The amnesty laws (Ley de Obediencia Debida and Ley de Punto Final) of 1985–1986 stopped the trials until 2003, when the Congress repealed them, and in 2005 the Argentine Supreme Court ruled they were unconstitutional. [83][84] According to the Miami Herald, Luis Posada Carriles was at this meeting, which decided on Letelier's death and also the Cubana Flight 455 bombing. [1] Jedburgh veteran Captain Jean Sassi led the GCMA Malo - Servan commando unit consisting of Mèo partisans through the jungle, they dropped then walked all day to join Dien Bien Phu. He said that Pinochet met Italian neofascist terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie during Franco's funeral in Madrid in 1975 and arranged to have Altamirano murdered. [46] In Your Money or your Life, historian and political scientist Éric Toussaint writes:[47]. Schaue jetzt "Extraction - Operation Condor" online mit unseren Partner-Angeboten. [37][8][38] Some of these countries have relied on evidence in the archives to prosecute former military officers. DINA agent Enrique Arancibia Clavel has been convicted in Argentina for the murder. McSherry, for example, estimated in 2002 that at least 402 individuals were killed or "disappeared" in Condor operations: "Some 132 Uruguayans (127 in Argentina, 3 in Chile, and 2 in Paraguay), 72 Bolivians (36 in Chile, 36 in Argentina), 119 Chileans, 51 Paraguayans (in Argentina), 16 Brazilians (9 in Argentina and 7 in Chile), and at least 12 Argentines in Brazil". [12] Although it was described by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as "a cooperative effort by the intelligence/security services of several South American countries to combat terrorism and subversion,"[13] guerrillas were used as an excuse, as they were never substantial enough to control territory, gain material support by any foreign power, or otherwise threaten national security. He's accompanied from Spain by 2 (later 3) cute women. (These were the car models used by the security forces during the dictatorship. Sweeney. An undetermined number of foreigners were also arrested and tortured, including citizens of Spain, the UK, France and the United States. Inhaltsangabe: Als eine Gruppe von international gesuchten Terroristen (u.a. The cross-border conspiracy of dictatorships in the 1970s and 1980s to "eradicate 'subversion,' a word which increasingly translated into non-violent dissent from the left and center left." During the Battle of Algiers, police forces were put under the authority of the French Army, and in particular of the paratroopers. J. Patrice McSherry notes; "In the Paraguayan Archives, I found correspondence documenting similar coordination in other cases.". CUNHA, Luiz Cláudio, Glauco Yanonne. They were kidnapped on 9 August 1976, at the corner of calle Arribeños and Virrey del Pino, by 40 armed SIDE agents, who blocked the street with their Ford Falcons. Gimlette, John (2005). 416, 8 March 2013. Achieved, this operation would have brought a great confusion among the enemy line.[1][2]. [41] Brazil signed the agreement later (June 1976), but refused to engage in actions outside Latin America.[39]. "[28], Marie-Monique Robin also showed ties between the French far right and Argentina since the 1930s, in particular through the Roman Catholic fundamentalist organization Cité catholique created by Jean Ousset, a former secretary of Charles Maurras (founder of the royalist Action Française movement). The exposure of the operation is believed to have prevented the murder of the couple and their two young children, as the news of the political kidnapping of Uruguayan nationals in Brazil made headlines in the Brazilian press. It happened during the First Indochina War's climactic Battle of Dien Bien Phu from April, 28th to May, 10th 1954. [78] The plan failed. [142], Argentine Admiral Luis María Mendía, who had theorized the practice of "death flights", testified in January 2007 before Argentine judges that a French intelligence "agent", Bertrand de Perseval, had participated in the abduction of two French nuns, Léonie Duquet and Alice Domon, who were later murdered. Former military officers from Argentina and Uruguay went on trial in 2013 in Buenos Aires for their human rights abuses in Operation Condor. [2] Such support was frequently routed through the CIA. They were João Augusto da Rosa and Orandir Portassi Lucas. "[131] McSherry describes such cables as "another piece of increasingly weighty evidence suggesting that U.S. military and intelligence officials supported and collaborated with Condor as a secret partner or sponsor. It stated that the operation was an effort of six countries in the southern cone of Latin America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay) to win the "Third-World-War" by wiping out "subversion" through transnational secret intelligence activities, kidnapping, torture, disappearance and assassination. [1], On 22 December 1992, torture victim Martín Almada and José Agustín Fernández, a Paraguayan judge, visited a police station in the Lambaré suburb of Asunción to look for files on a former political prisoner. Operation Condor was a notorious coordinated persecution of leftists and dissidents by Latin America's military rulers in the 1970s. [135], Prominent victims of Operation Condor in Chile included former Chilean ambassador Orlando Letelier and his 26-year old American Colleague Ronni Moffitt who were assassinated by a car bomb in downtown Washington D.C.[155], Former Uruguayan president Juan María Bordaberry, his minister of Foreign Affairs and six military officers, responsible for the disappearance in Argentina in 1976 of opponents to the Uruguayan regime, were arrested in 2006 and placed under house arrest in 2007. [44] Short-term financial speculation flourished, while chronic tax evasion and budget deficits remained high. There they kidnapped Universindo Rodriguez and Lilian Celiberti, an activist Uruguayan couple of the political opposition, along with her two children, Camilo and Francesca, five and three years old. ¹è¨ˆåŠƒ Fei ying gai wak) est un film hongkongais réalisé par Jackie Chan , sorti en 1991 . It is sad to say that two of the pillars of the Condor Operation, Alfredo Stroessner and Augusto Pinochet, never paid for their crimes and died without ever answering charges about the "disappeared" – who continue to haunt the memory of people who had been crushed by fascist brutality.